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The days are getting warmer and longer, the birds are returning from winter migration, and animals everywhere are bringing a new generation of wildlife into our forests...needless to say, winter has ceased and made way for spring, marking the end of our winter survey season. While this season may have been unexpectedly cut short, the Cascadia Wild team of volunteers and members still managed to bring in countless wonderful photos and record many wildlife tracks while it lasted. Please enjoy this season recap of the Wolverine Tracking Project's Camera and Tracking Survey highlights! CAMERA SURVEYS This winter season, a total of 1,447 volunteer hours went into camera survey trips!  Together, we maintained a total of 21 cameras at 25 camera sites over the winter season. Over the survey year (which ran from Summer 2019 through Winter 2019-20), our camera sites were divided into two general areas: those near Mt. Hood, and those near the eastern edge of the National Forest boundary, with the intention of targeting different kinds of animals.  This map shows the cameras from the past year in the Mt. Hood area Summer 2019 and Winter 2019-20. The red dots are summer camera locations, the green dots are winter camera locations, and the black dots are year-round cameras.  This map shows the cameras in the eastern forest boundary area Summer 2019 and Winter 2019-20. The red dots are summer camera locations, the green dots are winter camera locations, and the black dots are year-round cameras. The tables below show the animals detected at each site over the winter season:   A total of 18 different animal species were detected by our cameras, along with a few mystery species pictured below...
  Our cameras even captured 3 different target species! The beautiful Sierra Nevada red fox was pictured at 4 separate camera sites this winter!
Another target species, the gray wolf, was seen at 2 camera sites...  And our final target species was pictured at one camera site: the Pacific marten!  While these target species are incredibly exciting to capture on camera, so are the many other animals that passed through our camera sites! Our most frequent visitor was present at over 64% of all camera sites this winter... You guessed it: the coyote! 
 Another frequent visitor was the black-tailed deer, present at 52% of our overall camera sites, and over 92% of the eastern forest boundary sites!
 Deer weren't the only ungulates spotted in our forests this winter. Elk were present at 5 different camera sites, all in the eastern forest boundary: 
Appearing at 10 camera sites, the bobcat was another regular:
The largest felid in our forests, the mountain lion, was present at only 1 camera site this winter:  The black bear was seen at 2 camera sites this winter, including once with some cubs!
Many forest rodent inhabitants made their way into our camera sites, such as squirrels and mice. Can you spot tell which is a Douglas squirrel and which is our native, nocturnal Northern flying squirrel below?
Snowshoe hares were present at 8 camera sites...
And luckily, we only faced minor sabotage by the striped skunks, who made their way into 5 different camera sites...
A huge THANK YOU to all of the volunteers that made this winter season so great - we look forward to another great summer survey season! tracking surveys This winter season, a total of 1,213.5 volunteer hours were put into tracking surveys! 
In total, 47.5 miles were surveyed for tracks at 11 different transect locations! The map below shows the locations of our tracking trips this season.  Thanks to all your hard work and attentive tracking, 279 total tracks were recorded, consisting of 8 different species and some mystery tracks! This table shows our tracking totals for the winter season:  By and large, our winter tracks were dominated by snowshoe hare and squirrel prints. Pictured below are squirrel tracks (left) alongside snowshoe hare tracks (right).  This season, a total of 117 squirrel tracks were recorded, the most of any species this season!
Second in frequency to squirrel were snowshoe hare, with a total of 113 tracks! 
Another frequent sight on these tracking surveys was the deer mouse, with a total of 21 tracks recorded.
Weasel tracks were recorded a total of 13 times:  Our tracking teams even picked up a target species: the Pacific marten!   A total of 6 coyote tracks were seen...  ...and a total of 9 bobcat tracks
Our volunteers also found some beautiful raven tracks in the snow!  Some mystery tracks were not clear enough to properly identify...  Along with animal tracks, our wildlife tracking teams also found other signs of wildlife in our forests, including these small sticks that indicate a small animal chewing the cambium for food...  ...and a tree with signs of bark removal at the base (perhaps from a bear eating the cambium), consumption of the exposed inner tree by insects, and finally, marks left by a woodpecker eating the insects inside the tree. So much history visible in one tree!  Near the base of this sign post are marks left by a bear:  Our tracking teams also found a small mystery den:   With so many animal signs recorded - both tracks and otherwise - it has undoubtedly been a very successful winter tracking season!  Want to learn more about wildlife on Mt Hood?
Summer survey seasonAll in-person classes and events have been cancelled for the time being (read our COVID-19 Statement). However, we are hopeful, planning on, and looking forward to our summer survey wildlife survey season.
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Happy Winter, Happy Holidays, and Happy (almost) New Year!! Since our last post, we have transitioned from Fall to Winter, and we have been busy! Earlier this month, we held our first ever fundraiser, Mystery Tracks, and it was a great success in many ways. Not only did we surpass our fundraising goal, but we had so much fun doing so! We also learned that, regardless of current skillset, there is a tracker in every one of us. Excellent work to all who came out to sleuth some tracks and make this a night for the books! And thank you to Jean’s Farm for hosting, Ecliptic Brewing for the keg, and Steve Engel for the masterful plaster track casts. We would also like to thank everyone who has donated or become a member this month! If you're considering making a tax-deductible donation on behalf of yourself or a loved one, there's still time to donate and help us start off strong in 2020. As a community-based, volunteer-run organization, each dollar makes a difference, and we could not do this work without you! We are Cascadia Wild! Now that we are officially in Winter, the Wolverine Tracking Project winter surveys are in full swing! We are getting a lot of footage back from our camera surveys, and a handful of tracking surveys have also been completed. There’s a lot more ground and many months still to cover, but we are off to a great start and have a great group of volunteers helping out this season. Thank you to everyone who is lending their hands, eyes, and time to help document the wildlife of our national forest. Camera surveysIn case you missed it, we have some big news... WOLVES IN MT HOOD NATIONAL FOREST!
Gray wolves detected by Wolverine Tracking Project Camera Survey, 2019 Sources at ODFW indicate that these individuals, detected on separate occasions at different sites, could be the breeding pair of the White River wolf pack, who have taken up residency on the Warm Springs Reservation and the eastern edge of Mt Hood National Forest. A target species of the Wolverine Tracking Project, we are interested in how the presence of gray wolves will shape the ecosystem of the lands they chose to call home. In hopes of also helping to define their range, we will continue to keep a lookout for these newcomers with several cameras positioned along the forest boundary. As the pack grows and disperses, or as other wolves move in, we expect to see more of them. Since the wolf detections above, snows have arrived on our mountain, just in time to greet the season. This means we are seeing a lot more of other kinds of animals at our camera sites, including another of our target species: the Sierra Nevada red fox.
This winter, we have 9 cameras located in the immediate Timberline/Government Camp area and an additional two in the outlying area, all specifically focused on targeting this subspecies, one of the most rare mammals in North America and endemic only to the montane slopes of the Sierras and Cascades south of the Columbia River. As winter sets in, they seem more drawn to our sites than in summer, and frequency of detection increases. This is perhaps due to higher concentrations of red fox at the “lower” elevations of our typical sites (their summer range may include the talus slopes where installing camera traps is more difficult). Or, perhaps they are more drawn to the meat bait in these leaner months. Here we can see video compilation of what looks like two different foxes timidly checking some sites:
In both of these videos, the foxes seem drawn to the meat and fox urine we have baited the tree with, yet they are exercising caution. In the second video, what appears to be the same fox came back at least three times over a course of 9 days. Compared to bears or wolverine, who are both notorious when it comes to getting their paws on food, canids tend to be more hesitant, and our Vulpes vulpes necator here is no exception. Read more about the Sierra Nevada red fox.
Coyotes inspecting bait sites Coyotes, almost a guaranteed visitor at many of our locations, can also be cautious when it comes to inspecting bait. Coyote going for a roll near a bait tree However, coyotes tend to quickly overcome their hesitation and are just as likely to go for a good roll in, or near, the bait (see above)! Whether marking their territory or perfuming their coats, this is one behavior we can almost always count on from these canids. Family Felidae are also curious about the smells at a site.
Bobcats inspecting the smells at a site These bobcats are much less hesitant than their canid counterparts, however, and if they show an interest in the bait will generally directly approach it, sometimes even marking it with their scent before leaving (rubbing, urinating, or even rolling in it in less common instances). Even deer will check out a bait site:  Two does inspect bait on a tree Though, as herbivores, deer are not interested in bait as a food source, it is in their interest to know who else may be in an area, and so the site behooves inspection. Other times, they are just passing through...
Clockwise from top left: a doe casually browses her way through the field of view; two does meander through the snow; a young buck contemplates some snowberries; and a yearling seemingly poses for his portrait. We've been seeing a lot of family Cervidae this month, which includes both deer and elk. Elk seem to have very little interest in bait, though they do sometimes like to inspect cameras. Elk are seemingly always on the move, seeking out the best sites for grazing and shelter every couple of days.
 Female elk (cows) on the move Like deer, elk are crepuscular. Generally, though not always, elk are found grazing at night in large herds (or harems). A ruminant, elk can graze about 20 pounds of vegetation a day! At daybreak or soon after, elk disperse into smaller groups and bed down in shelter (typically forested areas).
Male elk (bulls) on the move Male elk, or bulls, will often travel solo this time of year. Late summer to early winter is elk breeding season, or rut, and the mature individuals pictured here are likely in pursuit of a harem. Other animals who display little caution at sites?
A black bear (left) inspects a snag belt (which collects hair for genetic analysis), and a female bear (sow, right) thoroughly inspects a site with her two cubs of the year (coy). As mentioned above, bears are well-known for being brazen when it comes to food. More so, they tend to be thoroughly curious. As an apex predator, extreme caution is not a characteristic necessary to their survival, though they seem to take great interest in their surroundings. Some smaller animals are just as brazen as a bear...
Left to right: mice, Clark's nutcracker, and Canada jays are opportunistic at baited sites.
...while other animals can be troublemakers. In the photos above, a striped skunk of family Mephitidae inspects and disassembles a hair snag belt. Weasels are often seen at our sites in winter, and they will approach bait fearlessly.
Long tailed weasels passing through our sites The long-tailed weasels above, however, are not displaying interest in the bait. This could be because there is plentiful food for them, like mice, voles, and even larger animals like rabbits and chipmunks. Closely related to skunks and in the same family as wolverine (Mustelidae), it is not surprising that these animals have a diverse carnivore diet and display little caution. Some other animals tend to always be oblivious to the bait, like these snowshoe hares, though they often tend to perk up a little for the camera:
Two snowshoe hares seem to pause for a photo mid-bound. One hare is in its winter coat (left) and the other, detected before snowfalls, is still in its summer coat (right). These members of family Leporidae sport large, snow-defying hind legs and have another helpful adaptation: camouflage. The hare on the right appears to still be wearing its darker summer coat, while the hare on the left has changed its seasonal coloration to match the freshly falling snows. Perfectly timed for the season! Another fearless, though somewhat rare animal detected by our cameras? A herd of camera crew volunteers!  Camera crew are often seen during site maintenance checks in groups of two to four. The above photo shows a particularly large group at a field training earlier this season. Keep an eye out if you are in the woods this time of year: they are a joyful bunch and we hear it can be contagious. tracking surveysWhereas cameras can offer rich detail of the wildlife they detect, they can only tell the story of what is directly in front of the lens and can miss the peripheral story of all that goes on around them. Tracking surveys step in to compliment the wildlife camera data, telling us a story of the life upon a landscape. Surveys are conducted by snowshoe on Mt Hood almost every winter weekend with groups of up to 12, which include two Cascadia Wild endorsed and trained Tracking Trip Leaders. The surveys follow 1.5 mile transects (and more if time allows) and document the tracks found along the way, including: track size, gait, track quality, and species identification. A lot can be learned about the land and wildlife by reading these signs. Read more. One of the most easily distinguishable animal tracks in our forest is the snowshoe hare:  Snowshoe hare tracks in snow displaying the characteristic cluster of a hopping gait A helpful hint in identifying this species is to look at the trail pattern: there are four footsteps all together in one area, and another four together following it, indicating hopping. For these hares, the prints in the front of the clusters are actually the back feet, and the prints in the back of the clusters are the front feet. Hares will land with their front feet, followed by their back feet, and they will swing their large back feet forward further than their front, ready to spring into the next bound. We've also been seeing quite a few squirrels:
Squirrel (likely Douglas squirrel) tracks in snow displaying their characteristic double-register Here, each print is actually two prints - both the front and back foot stepping in the same spot. This is called a double register. And we've even found some mice!
Mouse tracks in snow, also displaying the characteristic clusters that indicates hopping The mouse has the same trail pattern as the hare: hopping, with all four feet coming down in the same area. One of the more exciting tracking finds so far has been Pacific marten. The Pacific marten is also one of our target species: their presence is an indicator of healthy upper-elevation forest.
Detail of Pacific marten tracks in snow (left) and the meandering trail of a Pacific marten (right) The trail of the marten can be seen above. Several times it appeared to slow to a walk, pause - perhaps looking around - and often kept to the cover of the small saplings. Marten, another mustelid, are also voracious carnivores and it's possible to imagine it skirting the trees on its meandering path, in search of a vole, deer mouse, or other small animal.  A Canada jay perches on a snowy bough Occasionally, we even get to see wildlife! A common sight are Canada jays. While we do not keep data on these birds, we do like seeing their familiar faces. Like their Corvid cousins - scrub and Stellar jays, Clark's nutcrackers, crows, ravens, and so on - Canada jays are adaptable, have diverse diets, and are generally regarded as highly intelligent, personable, and sneaky. These characteristics lend them and others in family Corvidae the nickname "Camp Robber." There are few better ways to spend a winter day than strapped into snowshoes documenting the wildlife in our backyard...
...and enjoying the scenery...
...with a great group of trackers:  Thank you all for being a part of Cascadia Wild, this year, in previous years, and in the years to come!
Until next time... Happy Solstice! Happy Winter! Our best wishes to you in the New Year! Summer is cruising along! We hope you are getting out there, picking some berries, counting stars, and enjoying the season to the fullest. Volunteers on our camera and scat teams are getting out there and bringing back invaluable footage and genetic samples of our forest wildlife. Thank you to everyone who has contributed! If you're looking for another excuse to get out to the woods, look no further! We'll be at Bark's Summer Base Camp to lead a Tracking Workshop on Sunday, September 1st - come for the day, a few nights, or the full two weeks of camping, workshops, and forest and beaver habitat surveys! Family friendly and FREE. We hope to see you there. Scat surveys: Keep the Sierra Nevada red fox scat survey in mind as you head out to the mountain trails this summer! We're creating quite the stockpile of promising Sierra Nevada red fox scat, as well! Not every survey will collect scat, though, and that is as valuable as genetic information - lack of evidence of their presence is data that reinforces the rarity of this animal - and knowing what areas they are using is as helpful as knowing what areas they are not. Once we have enough samples, we send the samples for analyses to our partner at Cascades Carnivore Project (who is also researching the Cascade red fox, a cousin in the alpine areas north of the Columbia River). Depending on the quantity we collect, the whole process can take a year. The more we collect, the more timely we can get the data analyzed and communicated to researchers and management - and the better data set we will have. Wolf survey: We also recently sent off five wolf scat samples to be analyzed by ODFW, and are looking forward to the news! A recent survey also found two new scat samples. Depending on habitat connectivity, availability of prey, and other dynamics, a wolf pack can have a hunting territory of 50-1000 miles (larger territories commonly found in arctic and subarctic areas). While we know the White River pack is nearby, we are still learning about their territory, and a wolf from that pack or another could decide to venture out and claim new territory at any time. It's a good idea to keep an eye out for their signs, especially on the eastern side of the mountain - we never know where they may end up! Camera surveys: We've now seen footage from all our sites, and have a lot of photos for you, including some firsts of the season - and a first ever for this survey! As usual, we saw a lot of elk, deer, coyote, black bear, a couple mountain lions, and a couple bobcats. We of course saw a lot of Douglas squirrel, a lot of very busy chipmunks, at least one ground squirrel, and a few handfuls of unidentifiable rodents, but the star rodent this time was the largest member of the family Sciuridae, the yellow-bellied marmot!
This is the first time we have caught one of these giant ground squirrels at our cameras! They tend to live on and build deep burrows in talus slopes or alpine meadows, and, though it's not unheard of, it's a wonder that we would find one in this area, which is high-subalpine. Perhaps this one has recently been displaced or has chosen this sub-alpine forest for its abundant edible mosses, grasses, and wildflowers - favorite snacks of marmots. These dapper rock chucks are named for their coloring, however, they turn tail and burrow at the slightest onset of cold. One of the longest hibernators in our region, marmots can begin hibernation as early as the end of July/mid August, but usually take the dog days of summer to continue building their winter stores. The biggest present danger to this marmot is coyotes, but wolverines would also be a formidable foe if they reclaim their historic range. Speaking of Mustelidae (the weasel family, of which wolverines are a part), we also caught sight of the first weasel of the summer!  This lithe and well-camouflaged animal has a unique, identifiable characteristic that sets it apart from other mammals of its size: a long, black-tipped tail which appropriately lends to its name of 'long-tailed weasel.' We always enjoy finding this voracious rodent-hunter on our cameras.  We also saw our first sooty grouse of the season at the same site (lower left corner).  Like other ground birds, a grouse is always a good sign for our forest carnivores like this bobcat, seemingly hot on its trail.  This other bobcat was very interested in the bait belt itself - but not the bait. Perhaps it was more interested in our human-scent from the camera setup than the canine-scent bait under the log; indeed, one of these two may present more danger than the other.  A fellow feline who rightly fears no animal, hominids included, this mountain lion took a moment of repose at our bait log...  ...while another mountain lion was caught on the prowl.  We saw many black bear, like this one with its black and cinnamon coloration.  This bear visited a few times, and it really enjoyed using the camera tree as a scratching post, leaving us with quite a few pictures of the back of its head.  Two cubs of the year were caught at another site, though rarely on-camera at the same time. The mother, though (top background), was never far behind.  You can almost see the grin on this content coyote. This behavior could be fulfilling a purpose as simple as a good back-scratch. Or, considering the presence of deer in the area some nights prior, could be a way for the coyote to cover itself in the scent of its prey.  Meanwhile, another one of our cameras captured this very lucky coyote! While the coyotes have seemed to move on from this site, for now at least, we did see a lot more hare:  More good news for our forest carnivores, a lot of members of the family Cervidae! Specifically, deer and elk.  The photos of this buck displays its summer velvet wonderfully. The antlers of a mature, well-fed and healthy buck can grow up to 1/4 of an inch a day. For bull elk, antlers can grow almost an inch a day. When velvet is present, the antlers are soft and susceptible to damage, and this is part of the reason why bulls and bucks will tend to stick to a smaller territory, with other males. The velvet sheds when the bone begins to set, about mid- to late-September, just in time for them to roam.  We didn't see too many bull elk this time, but we did see quite a few herds of cows and calves. We also saw two elk that were tagged and collared...   And were treated to some beautiful photographs of a very curious elk! Hello! We have one more first of the season to share with you, the raccoon:  If you live in a city, chances are you've seen one of these recently. Though more common to see in urban areas, they are still woodland creatures. Like coyotes and other fauna that easily transition to urban areas, they are highly adaptable to their environment. Their presence as scavengers and hunters is always a good sign, and it's always encouraging to see diversity in the forest.
Thanks for reading. We'll be back with more updates soon! The summer season has come to an end. Thanks to all your help, we were able to get new information on 3 different target species, as well many other carnivores. Wolves A wolf pack is now confirmed to be on the Warm Springs Reservation. They also utilize parts of the Mt Hood National Forest, as seen in the photo below. Now that the pack is established, the questions become: will they be able to survive in the area long term and where will they disperse to next? We now need to keep on eye on the rest of the forest and see where they show up next!  Sierra Nevada Red Fox Two cameras got Sierra Nevada red fox detections this summer, Lambertson Butte and Meadows West. The photo from Lambertson Butte went unnoticed until recently - the fox passed quickly and only left this one blurry photo. But that is enough!  The Meadows West camera detected two different individuals when it was up last winter, based on their coat color. The pictures this summer could be one of the same individuals. Here are the two individuals from the winter:
And here's the pictures from this summer:
From the grid of cameras we had in the Meadows area, one tentative conclusion is that these fox prefer the higher elevation locations, at least during the summer. Marten Marten are known to live in high elevation, closed canopy forest, and their pictures from Lambertson Butte, Newton Upper, Meadows Ski Lift, Meadows West, and Meadows Buildings confirm this. But this summer we also got one unusal sighting - from Lemiti Creek! This site borders the Ollallie Lakes area, where they are known to live, but the site itself is in a young lodgepole pine forest that is still recovering from a severe burn. It has a thick regenerating layer of trees less than 10 ftt tall, but hardly any large trees at all. The camera only picked up one picture before it failed for the rest of the summer. Too bad! It would be great to know more about this individual. Here's a marten from the camera near Mt Hood Meadows Resort:  And here's the one blurry picture from Lemiti Creek:  Final tally Here's the final tally of what we found this summer.  The winner for the greatest number of species goes to Jackpot Meadows, and the winner for the least number of species - but still getting a target species - is tied between Lemiti Creek, Newton Upper, and Meadows Ski Lift.
Having so much information on many different species, for many years, has creeated a great opportunity to detect any changes to the wildlife community now that wolves have moved in. We look forward to continuing the study in the years to come! Thank you all for a great season!!
THANK YOU to all of our volunteers for making these pictures happen! |
